- Thousands of foreign workers left South Africa after fringe anti-foreigner groups set 30 June as an unofficial deadline for undocumented migrants to leave, triggering the exodus of more than 160 000 people and leaving farms, factories and households scrambling for labour.
- Labour unions argue there is no shortage of South Africans willing to work and that employers favour migrant workers because they are cheaper and less likely to demand formal contracts.
- Industry groups are urging the government to create legal pathways for seasonal foreign labour.
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Zimbabwean farmworker Aaron Majatamhe was heading home at sunset after a shift in one of South Africa’s top fruit-producing regions, where bushes laden with bright unpicked citrus stood in rows.
“I see a lot of farm owners who are crying now … People have to harvest those naartjies, but there is no one,” the 33-year-old told AFP.
The same labour shortage, he said, is looming in the vineyards. “It’s time to cut off the grapes, and there is no one.”
Similar scenes are playing out across South Africa as factories, farms and even ordinary households scramble for labour after thousands of foreign workers left in a matter of weeks to escape fatal anti-migrant protests and intensified immigration enforcement.
Fringe anti-foreigner groups had set 30 June as an unofficial deadline for undocumented migrants to leave, triggering the exodus of more than 160 000 people, according to an AFP tally based on figures from African governments repatriating their citizens.
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Zimbabwe, which accounted for the largest share of those returning, said many had worked in South Africa’s farming, domestic work and construction sectors.
The first cracks were felt almost immediately in KwaZulu-Natal’s sugar belt.
One farmer on the North Coast said he lost up to 80% of his cane-cutting workforce virtually overnight.
“Production and supply have deteriorated to the point where it is going to be difficult for the mills to stay open,” he said, speaking anonymously because he feared retaliation.
‘Back-breaking’ work
Another grower near Mid-Illovo, a region of rolling hills south of Durban, said most cane cutters in his area came from Lesotho, the tiny kingdom encircled by South Africa.
“There are fields we are supposed to be cutting, but there are just not enough people. Local people don’t like this job because it is back‑breaking and physical,” he said.
That argument is fiercely disputed.
With unemployment above 33% – and far higher when discouraged job seekers are included – labour unions and researchers argue there is no shortage of South Africans willing to work.
Instead, they say, many employers favour migrant workers because they are cheaper, more flexible and less likely to demand formal contracts, benefits or legal protections.
“They are making a profit out of foreign nationals,” said Patrick Williams, a local organiser with the Commercial, Stevedoring, Agricultural and Allied Workers Union.
Foreign farmworkers, he said, routinely worked seven days a week, skipped lunch breaks to maximise piece-rate earnings and were often paid below the national minimum wage.
‘Locals first’
For employers, the challenge is not only finding workers but replacing years of experience.
In Durban’s Chatsworth industrial area, a manager at a clothing factory said the departure of skilled machinists from Malawi and Mozambique had left factories struggling to meet orders.
“We can barely meet our targets because most were forced to go,” she said on condition of anonymity, adding that it would take time for local workers to master the job.
The government has sought to respond to public anger whipped up over migration by promoting a “locals-first” approach, while acknowledging that some industries rely on foreign skills and labour.
Last week, it expanded its Trusted Employer Scheme, which fast-tracks worker visas for companies that meet Department of Home Affairs requirements, including predominantly employing South Africans, investing in skills development and operating in priority sectors.
Industry groups, meanwhile, are urging the government to create legal pathways for seasonal foreign labour, arguing that sectors such as agriculture have become dependent on migrant workers and cannot replace them overnight.
Siyabonga Madlala, CEO of the South African Farmers Development Association, says South Africa should consider a regulated seasonal worker programme similar to one in the US.
“There may be a need for a special dispensation allowing seasonal labour from SADC countries where local supply is insufficient,” he told Newsroom Afrika, referring to the 16-member Southern African Development Community bloc.
More than 60% of South Africa’s immigrants are estimated to come from SADC.
Yet for many who left, the debate over labour policy has been eclipsed by fears for their safety after at least four foreigners were killed, according to police data.
Wayne Chimbadzwa Mutasa, a Zimbabwean national who had lived in Robertson, in the Western Cape, since 2014, said he left after foreign workers were targeted in door-to-door raids.
“The people who came into the houses of Zimbabweans were police officers saying that you are living here illegally,” he told AFP as he prepared for repatriation.
His fellow national Majatamhe has decided to remain for now.
“We are afraid to stay even in this place, but the problem is we don’t have enough money to go home,” he said.