Boreholes are no solution to Zimbabwe’s water woes and may eventually cause more harm than good

Tendai Ruben Mbofana

The “borehole revolution” currently sweeping through Zimbabwe’s urban landscapes is often framed as a triumph of individual resilience—a testament to the “can-do” spirit of a people pushed to the brink. 

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In Harare, Bulawayo, and my own home of Redcliff, where some neighborhoods have endured dry taps for over half a decade, the rhythmic thud of the drill rig has become the soundtrack of modern life. 

However, beneath this veneer of self-sufficiency lies a harrowing ecological and social disaster. 

What we are witnessing is not a sustainable solution to a water crisis, but rather the dangerous privatization of a fundamental human right and the slow-motion collapse of our urban environmental safety.

For years, the failure of municipal authorities to maintain aging infrastructure or plan for growing populations has forced residents to look downward. 

But groundwater is not a magic, inexhaustible reservoir. 

It is a finite resource that relies on a delicate cycle of recharge. 

In a functional city, the earth acts like a sponge, soaking up seasonal rains to replenish aquifers. 

Yet, our cities are increasingly paved over with concrete, preventing water from seeping back into the soil. 

When thousands of boreholes are sunk in close proximity, each competing for the same underground pocket, we create a tragedy of the commons. 

The water table inevitably drops, forcing the next person to drill deeper until the most vulnerable are left with dry holes and dust.

The environmental toll, however, goes far deeper than mere depletion. 

One of the most insidious consequences of mass extraction is land subsidence. 

When water is pumped out of the microscopic spaces between soil particles and rock, the ground loses its internal structural support. 

Like a sponge that shrinks and hardens as it dries, the earth begins to compact. 

This can cause the land surface to literally sink, leading to the cracking of building foundations, the warping of roads, and the snapping of underground sewer lines. 

We are essentially inviting structural decay into the heart of our suburbs. 

Furthermore, we are killing our “green lungs.” 

Many of our streams and vleis are fed by the water table from below. 

By lowering that table, we “de-water” the surface, drying up the natural filters of our environment and turning lush urban basins into arid dust bowls.

This ecological damage is matched by dire risks to public health. 

In densely populated urban areas, the geography of the subsurface is a minefield. 

Our municipal sewer systems are in a state of advanced decay, often running parallel to the very veins of groundwater we now rely on. 

When these pipes leak, the result is the invisible seepage of fecal matter and toxins into the water table. 

A borehole might yield water that looks crystal clear, but without the rigorous, hourly testing and chemical treatment of a professional water works, it can be a silent carrier of ancient plagues like cholera and typhoid. 

To rely on boreholes in a city with failing sanitation is to play a high-stakes game of Russian roulette with the nation’s health.

Furthermore, the proliferation of boreholes represents a profound abdication of duty by the state. 

Every time a private citizen spends thousands of dollars to sink a hole, the pressure on the government to fix the Morton Jaffray water works or the Gwenoro Dam infrastructure lessens. 

We are inadvertently creating a fragmented, “every man for himself” society. 

This is the most inefficient way to manage a city. 

From an economic perspective, central water systems benefit from massive economies of scale. 

It is exponentially cheaper to treat and pump water from one central plant than it is to run ten thousand individual electric pumps. 

By allowing the municipal grid to rot while the wealthy drill their way out of the problem, we entrench a two-tier society where water becomes a luxury for those with the deepest pockets.

There is also the matter of long-term chemical impact. 

Groundwater is often “hard,” laden with high concentrations of minerals like calcium and magnesium, and in mining regions, potentially contaminated with heavy metals. 

While the immediate focus is on avoiding thirst, the long-term consumption of untreated groundwater can lead to chronic health issues, such as kidney stones. 

Moreover, the “scaling” caused by this mineral-heavy water destroys household plumbing and geysers, adding an invisible “maintenance tax” on residents already struggling in a volatile economy.

The narrative that boreholes are a sign of progress is a lie we tell ourselves to mask the pain of systemic failure. 

In reality, a city that cannot provide piped, treated water to its residents is a city in retreat. 

The “borehole revolution” is an emergency bandage on a gaping wound; it may stop the immediate bleeding, but the infection is spreading beneath the surface. 

True resilience does not look like ten thousand holes in the ground; it looks like a refurbished pipe network, modern treatment plants, and the political will to treat water as a public trust.

We must move beyond the era of the drill rig and return to the principles of Integrated Water Resources Management. 

This means restoring our dams, harvesting rainwater, and regulating groundwater use with the strictness it deserves. 

We cannot continue to treat the earth beneath our feet as a disposable asset. 

If we do not act to restore our municipal systems, we will soon find ourselves in a wasteland where the water tables have retreated, the soil is poisoned, and the very survival of our urban centers is at risk. 

The taps in Redcliff and beyond must run again, not because individuals have bypassed the system, but because the system has finally returned to serving the people.

• Tendai Ruben Mbofana is a social justice advocate and writer. To directly receive his articles please join his WhatsApp Channel on: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaqprWCIyPtRnKpkHe08